![]() It is also whether the adverse health effect is likely to occur in humans. Hazard Identification is the process of determining whether exposure to a stressor can cause an increase in the incidence of specific adverse health effects (e.g., cancer, birth defects). Step 1: Hazard identification is the first step of a human health risk assessment. Is there a critical time during a lifetime when a chemical is most toxic (e.g., fetal development, childhood, during aging)? ![]() Chronic - a significant part of a lifetime or a lifetime (for humans at least seven years).Subchronic - weeks or months (for humans generally less than 10% of their lifespan).Acute - right away or within a few hours to a day.How long does it take for an environmental hazard to cause a toxic effect? Does it matter when in a lifetime exposure occurs?.Example of some health effects include cancer, heart disease, liver disease and nerve disease.Excretion - how does the body get rid of it?.Metabolism - does the body break down the environmental hazard?.Distribution - does the environmental hazard travel throughout the body or does it stay in one place?.Absorption - does the body take up the environmental hazard.What does the body do with the environmental hazard and how is this impacted by factors such as age, race, sex, genetics, etc.?).Non-dietary ingestion (for example, "hand-to-mouth" behavior).Routes (and related human activities that lead to exposure).Non-food consumer products, pharmaceuticals.Pathways (recognizing that one or more may be involved).Non-point sources (for example, automobile exhaust agricultural runoff).Point sources (for example, smoke or water discharge from a factory contamination from a Superfund site).Where do these environmental hazards come from?.Socio-Economic ( for example, access to health care).Nutritional (for example, diet, fitness, or metabolic state).Chemicals (single or multiple/cumulative risk).What is the environmental hazard of concern?.Population subgroups - highly susceptible (for example, due to asthma, genetics, etc.) and/or highly exposed (for example, based on geographic area, gender, racial or ethnic group, or economic status).Lifestages such as children, teenagers, pregnant/nursing women. ![]() ![]() To start, risk assessors will typically ask the following questions: Before anything though there is a need to make judgments early when planning major risk assessments regarding the purpose, scope, and technical approaches that will be used. Even a human health risk assessment starts with a good plan. ![]()
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